Category: Temáticas

By Kelly Hayes-Raitt

“I want to help save people’s lives,” said 18-year-old Afonso Oliveira. As the first recipient of a higher education scholarship awarded by the Oeste International Community Volunteers (OICV), he might get his wish.

Oliveira was awarded the scholarship to begin his studies at the Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra (the Higher School of Health Technology, Polytechnic of Coimbra). He is studying to earn his Bachelor of Clinical Physiology degree in four years so he can assist in cardiac surgeries.

The scholarship was funded by a group of foreigners who have chosen Portugal as their new home. OICV was founded in 2013 to help forge deeper relationships between immigrants and Portuguese people. The non-profit, government-registered, all-volunteer organization organizes cultural exchanges, facilitates Portuguese-language classes, participates in existing efforts to provide meals and camaraderie to elderly people, and raises funds for local food banks.

The scholarship program is new and Oliveira was awarded 1500€ to cover his tuition, school fees and books for his first year. Funds go directly to the college. The Óbidos resident was nominated by his biology teacher at his secondary (high) school. An OIVC volunteer committee chose him based on his academic record and financial need.

“Just as we have been given ‘new beginnings’ in Portugal, OICV wanted to nurture promising secondary school graduates as they begin their new lives in higher education, so they can continue to make a positive contribution to the local community in the future,” explained OICV President Joseph Poon. “We hope to expand the number of scholarships each year and invite more local community organizations and businesses to support our Scholarship Project.”

To kick off that goal, OICV is hosting a special Chinese Moon Festival fundraiser featuring a fashion show and a lively dinner. For a 25€ donation, attendees will get to enjoy a three-course feast featuring Chinese roast pork, chicken in a savory mushroom and oyster sauce, vegetables, noodles, lettuce wraps…and a special secret dessert from the good people at Atelier do Doce in Alfeizerão.

The evening will feature a fashion show of funky, fun and colorful custom-designed and hand-sewn garments by members of Busy Bees, a social sewing group based in Praia del Rey, and by Judith Neethling, a graduate of UberGlam School of Design in Johannesburg, South Africa.

João Augusto Félix will give a Tai Chi exhibition and DJ Mark “The Spark” will round out the evening with 1980s and 90s dance music.

“In Chinese culture, the Moon Festival is when our families gather to celebrate our blessings,” said Poon, a native of Hong Kong. “We chose this auspicious time to celebrate our community and raise money for aspiring students in our Portuguese community.”
All proceeds from the event will fund higher education scholarships for aspiring students next fall.

The dinner/dance is Sunday, October 5th at 6:30pm at the ARDC Vauense in Óbidos. To reserve, please email oicv.email@gmail.com and break out your glad rags!
“It would have been hard for my parents without this scholarship,” Oliveira expressed his thanks during a telephone interview. “[My parents] were very happy and proud of me. I really have liked it so far. It’s a lot of classes!”

Flavia L. Lamattina

Since the dissolution of SEF and the restructuring of immigration services in Portugal, many immigrants have found themselves stuck in bureaucratic limbo. AIMA, the Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo, was created to centralize and streamline immigration processes. The intention had been to improve efficiency, but the effect was seemingly endless delays only made worse by the agency’s dysfunctional communications. Unexpected closures of cases continue to affect thousands of applicants across the country.
As of June 2025, AIMA reported having processed over 440,000 pending immigration applications. This considerable backlog had built up over several years due to administrative delays, the pandemic, a war on European soil, and the complex transition between governmental bodies. Of the total applications processed so far, approximately 123,000 were approved, while around 170,000 were archived because applicants failed to respond or submit required documentation. An estimated 40,000 to 50,000 cases remain under review, and AIMA has announced its intention to resolve these by the end of the year. Although progress is being made, many applicants are still waiting or have seen their files closed without warning. In this context, knowing how to avoid those outcomes is critical.

One of the biggest challenges today is keeping your immigration process active. AIMA has implemented stricter controls on deadlines and documentation. Many cases have been closed not because they were denied, but simply because of missed responses or incomplete submissions. To avoid such closures, it is essential to regularly monitor the email address associated with your application and check your AIMA portal. Notifications often come with short deadlines, and a delayed response can result in automatic file closure. Applicants should respond as soon as possible to any communication—even a short acknowledgment can help. Keeping all documents current and ready in digital format is also key. This includes having a valid passport, proof of residence, a work contract or income evidence, and fiscal numbers such as NIF and NISS. Being well-prepared before the agency even asks for documentation can significantly reduce delays and complications. In cases of doubt or incomplete instructions, consulting a certified immigration advisor or legal expert is highly recommended, especially since small mistakes can have serious consequences.
If your file has already been archived, it is still possible to take action. First, you should verify the status of your case through the AIMA portal or by contacting the agency directly. If the case was closed due to lack of response, you may be able to request a reopening by providing a written explanation of the circumstances—such as illness, travel, or a missed email—and by submitting all missing documents. Depending on the type of permit and how long the case has been inactive, some processes may be reopened, while others will require a new application from the beginning. If you are unsure of your options, it is advisable to seek support from immigrant advocacy organizations such as JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service), CPR (Portuguese Refugee Council), or Solidariedade Imigrante. Many of these institutions offer free or low-cost assistance for appeals, application resubmissions, and legal clarification.

AIMA also relies heavily on digital platforms to manage appointments, renewals, and document submissions. These systems, while useful, are often a source of frustration for users. The main platform is the AIMA portal, which allows users to track the progress of their application, upload documents, and request appointments. Some biometric appointments are still managed through the older SIBA system, while other public services such as obtaining a NISS or registering a residence may be accessed via the ePortugal portal. Staying alert for available appointment slots and checking the systems regularly is part of the current reality for many applicants.

The golden trio for success: prepare in advance, respond promptly, and don’t hesitate to reach out to those who can assist you. Every small step brings you closer to building the life you came here to create. For official guidance and updates, visit the AIMA website at https://aima.gov.pt, and use https://www2.gov.pt for related administrative services such as CLAIM (Local Center of Support to Migrant Integration) and CNAIM (National Center of Support to Migrant integration), including translation services. You can also follow legal and policy updates through the Diário da República and find support through organizations such as the Portuguese Refugee Council at https://www.cpr.pt or JRS Portugal at https://www.jrsportugal.pt. These resources can provide valuable help as you navigate Portugal’s evolving immigration landscape in 2025. ■

OICV is looking for writers for this feature! Contact us at OICV.email@gmail.com. ■

Flavia L. Lamattina

Portugal’s immigration system is undergoing one of its most significant transformations in years as the country’s new conservative government moves forward with stricter immigration controls, while the Agency for Migration and Asylum (AIMA) races to resolve a massive backlog of pending cases.

As of June 11, 2025, AIMA has processed approximately 440,000 pending applications, a backlog that had accumulated over several years due to rising immigration levels, administrative delays, and the restructuring of Portugal’s immigration services. Out of these, around 123,000 applications were approved, while approximately 170,000 cases were archived due to applicants failing to respond or submit required documentation.

Roughly 40,000 to 50,000 cases remain under review, which AIMA aims to resolve by the end of 2025. To accelerate processing, the agency has expanded its workforce and improved its digital systems, allowing certain applicants — including Golden Visa candidates — to update documentation online.

As part of the transitional measures adopted during the backlog crisis, the Portuguese government had previously issued multiple extensions to the validity of expired residence permits. These extensions were granted to ensure that immigrants would not lose access to essential services, employment, and travel while waiting for their applications to be processed.

Currently, all expired residence permits are automatically considered valid until June 30, 2025. After that date, AIMA expects that most of the outstanding cases will have been reviewed or scheduled for resolution. Authorities have not yet announced whether additional extensions will be granted for cases still pending beyond that date.

In order to focus on older, unresolved cases, AIMA has begun rescheduling appointments, causing delays for newer applicants. The agency has shifted resources to prioritize long-pending files, many of which date back to the transition from the now-defunct Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (SEF). Adding to the procedural overhaul, AIMA instituted a new zero-tolerance policy in February 2025 requiring all applications to be fully complete upon submission. Incomplete applications are automatically rejected; a change aimed at reducing processing times and administrative burden.

The government’s tougher stance is also reflected in the sharp increase in rejections. As of early June, approximately 33,000 applications for regularization have been denied, with applicants receiving voluntary departure orders. Reports indicate that around 2,000 such notifications are being issued daily, signaling a more aggressive enforcement of immigration rules.

Earlier this year, 18,000 individuals whose applications had been definitively denied were given 20 days to leave the country. Critics argue that these measures were politically motivated, particularly as they were announced in the lead-up to the May 2025 national elections.

One of the most politically sensitive issues currently under discussion is family reunification. The right-wing Chega party has called for a temporary suspension of family reunification programs until the existing backlog is fully addressed, citing concerns over a potential surge in immigration numbers. The government has yet to make a final decision, though officials have acknowledged the delicate balance between humanitarian obligations and the new administration’s stricter immigration priorities. Under the new conservative leadership, Portugal is moving away from its previous “Expression of Interest” system, which allowed many immigrants to initiate residency procedures while already living in the country. Going forward, the government plans to implement tighter pre-screening of applicants through Portuguese consulates abroad, aligning procedures more closely with Schengen Area standards. Observers say these changes reflect a broader shift toward stricter immigration policies across Europe, as several EU countries tighten border controls and asylum procedures in response to growing political pressures.

As Portugal’s immigration framework undergoes rapid change, AIMA’s ability to clear the remaining backlog will be closely watched. The agency’s success — or failure — in doing so could have significant implications for thousands of immigrants, as well as for Portugal’s international reputation as a destination for foreign workers, investors, and families seeking new opportunities.

While older applicants may see their long-pending cases finally resolved by year-end, new applicants now face longer waits, stricter documentation requirements, and increased uncertainty in the months ahead.

OICV is looking for writers for this feature! Contact us at OICV.email@gmail.com. ■

A contribution by Caminhos do Oeste’s Miguel Sendim

The city of Caldas da Rainha stands out among Portuguese municipalities for its remarkable culture of promoting sports and physical activity. At a time when sedentary lifestyles still dominate in much of our post-industrial society, this ordinary city in the western region of Portugal has become a national benchmark for encouraging its residents to engage in regular physical exercise. Data collected by the local government shows that approximately 44% of the population actively participates in structured sports activities, whether through federated sports, gyms, fitness academies, informal clubs, or community groups that gather in the city’s many high-quality public spaces. This figure is nearly double the national average, which, according to the most recent Eurobarometer, stands at around 25%. This collective commitment to physical well-being is reflected not only in the high participation rates but also in the quality of public infrastructure, the variety of municipal programs, and the involvement of local organizations. The city understands that “Sport is Health,” and it has offered concrete proof of this belief.
After age 40, physical activity becomes increasingly crucial for health. In 2018, over 95% of deaths in Portugal were disease-related, with about a third linked to lifestyle factors like inactivity. The WHO highlights exercise as key in preventing heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and in improving mental health. Adults should aim for 150–300 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly, while children need at least 60 minutes daily. Incorporating movement into daily life and reducing sedentary time are essential. The Exercise is Medicine® initiative urges doctors to treat physical activity as a vital part of any treatment plan.
It is within this dynamic context that the Nishi no Michi project was born in Caldas da Rainha. More than just a practitioners’ club, it is a holistic initiative aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle. Founded on WHO principles, the project focuses on several pillars: proper nutrition, adequate physical activity, mental health, quality sleep, risk prevention, and self-care. Nishi no Michi regularly offers Aikido and self-defense classes led by the French master Michel Martin, a 7th dan black belt, and coordinates the “Balance and Movement” program, which focuses on fall prevention and body awareness. This program operates under the supervision of the Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth and is part of the National Sports for All Program. Developed by a multidisciplinary team, it hosts regular activities at the Sociedade Columbófila Caldense and the city’s Senior University, maintaining an active presence in municipal health and sports events.
Through the association Caminhos do Oeste, which it helped establish, the project also collaborates with various professionals in complementary fields such as Taichichuan, Yoga, and Circus Arts. These collaborations are both regular and event-based, reflecting a holistic and inclusive approach. The annual schedule includes participation in events like the Festival of the Lagoon, the South African Market, and the European Week of Sport. In 2025, Nishi no Michi will also join the “Falo Mexer” event, a celebration of health and mobility across all age groups. Nishi no Michi embraces its responsibility towards the public good with offerings in training and education. In partnership with the Portuguese Aikido Federation, it contributes to the “Aikido and Healthy Aging” program and offers workshops focused on health literacy, empowering the public with knowledge to improve well-being.
Looking ahead, the club is organizing the National Aikido 60+ Gathering on June 21, which will bring together experts for training sessions in strength and mobility (led by calisthenics specialist Alexis Giuntini), senior sports nutrition (by nutritionist Dra. Helena Lopes), and fall prevention (by Miguel Sendim), among other events of broad community interest.
Ultimately, the success of Caldas da Rainha’s sports policy lies in the diversity of its offerings, the active engagement of its citizens, and a clear vision that sees sport not merely as a recreational activity, but as an ongoing investment in public health. While many municipalities still struggle to foster inclusive sports environments, Caldas da Rainha continues to lead by example—a model city where physical activity is a right available to all, regardless of age, physical condition, or socioeconomic status. With its clubs, sports facilities, regular events, and strong sense of community, the city continues to demonstrate that sports for all is not a distant dream, but a living reality being built every day.

The Portuguese government announced that it will begin issuing departure notifications to thousands of immigrants who are residing in the country without legal status. In a statement to the press on beginning of May, Minister of the Presidency António Leitão Amaro confirmed that the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (AIMA) will notify 18,000 individuals to voluntarily leave Portuguese territory, with the first wave of 4,574 notifications scheduled for release this month.
“These 4,574 individuals are part of a total of 18,000 cases that have already been officially denied residence,” said Leitão Amaro. “In the coming weeks, these notifications will be issued for voluntary departure, as required by law. Rules are to be followed – non-compliance has consequences.” The minister’s remarks confirmed an earlier report published in Jornal de Notícias, sparking widespread attention and concern among immigrant communities and advocacy groups.
The announcement marks a significant shift in Portugal’s immigration policy, moving from what had been seen as a relatively open and humanitarian approach to one focused on stricter enforcement of legal procedures and residency requirements. Portugal had previously been recognized for its relatively inclusive stance on immigration, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, when temporary residency rights were extended to thousands of migrants awaiting documentation. However, the recent change in government and increasing political pressure to control irregular migration have prompted a more hardline stance. The minister emphasized that the individuals affected by the notifications are not recent arrivals but rather people who have been residing in the country under irregular or illegal circumstances, including those who had already received removal orders from other EU countries; were subject to entry bans within the Schengen Area; or had criminal records which legally disqualify them from obtaining residence permits in Portugal.
The situation remains fluid, with approximately 110,000 pending residency applications still under review by AIMA. Leitão Amaro acknowledged that “most of these cases will likely be approved,” but warned that additional denials are expected, which would result in further notifications for departure. The uncertainty is creating anxiety among immigrants, many of whom have been living and working in Portugal for years, contributing to the economy and integrating into society, but who remain in legal limbo due to bureaucratic backlogs, inconsistent documentation, or changes in residency requirements. Advocacy groups warn that stress and fear of deportation could have serious social consequences, particularly for families with children in school or for those who have established roots in their local communities.
The announcement has sent shockwaves through Portugal’s immigrant communities, especially those from South Asia, Africa, and Latin America, many of whom arrived under the hope of finding better opportunities in Europe. NGOs and legal aid organizations are preparing for an influx of requests for assistance, both to contest the notices and to support those facing removal.
There is also concern about the potential rise in undocumented status if people go underground rather than face deportation. The government has said that initial notices will offer a 20-day window for voluntary departure, after which coercive measures may be applied. Leitão Amaro confirmed that the government has asked AIMA, the Internal Security System (SSI), and law enforcement agencies to begin coordinating efforts to ensure that removal orders are actually executed.
Amid growing debate, civil society groups are calling for a balanced approach that considers both the rule of law and humanitarian values. They argue that Portugal’s long-term interests lie in creating a fair and functional immigration system that integrates those already contributing to society, rather than criminalizing vulnerable populations.
This latest development has sparked a wider public discussion about the direction of immigration policy in Portugal and how to reconcile legal enforcement with the country’s long-standing values of solidarity, human dignity, and integration. Portugal has historically positioned itself as a nation that upholds democratic principles and human rights, particularly in its treatment of migrants and refugees. The tension now lies in maintaining this tradition while responding to growing concerns over the capacity of institutions to manage migration in a lawful and orderly way. As the government moves forward with a more regulated approach, many observers emphasize the importance of designing policies that are not only effective but also aligned with the inclusive and humanitarian ethos that has shaped Portugal’s reputation on the international stage.

Flavia L. Lamattina

On April 28, many in Portugal felt thrust into a new reality. What began as a temporary, unexpected nationwide power outage quickly turned into a wake-up call. While for some it was merely an inconvenience, for others—completely unprepared—it highlighted just how fragile daily life can become when the systems we rely on suddenly stop working. In conversations I heard that day, a clear picture emerged: families without cash at home, cars with empty tanks, people rushing out in search of non-perishable food, and others completely lost without GPS guiding them. Phones were down, internet connections disappeared, and there was even talk of water supply disruptions if the blackout extended. It only lasted hours—but what if it had lasted days?
But the warnings had been there. Since February, official European agencies have been urging households to create emergency kits—with essentials like water, canned food, flashlights, radios, and medications. It’s not a message of panic, but of calm readiness. As global instability grows, from climate disasters and cyberattacks to military conflicts—being prepared is becoming less of a personal choice and more of a shared civic responsibility.
The renewed focus on personal preparedness isn’t coming out of nowhere. Europe is navigating a complex web of challenges that feel more immediate than ever. The ongoing war in Ukraine has reignited fears about regional security, while rising tensions with Russia have underscored the need for civil resilience. At the same time, the continent is facing more frequent and severe climate disasters—record-breaking heatwaves, catastrophic floods, and destructive wildfires are becoming the new normal. Not adding scenarios of cyberattacks targeting energy grids and public services, reminding that a strong society begins with prepared individuals. Across Europe, civil protection agencies are quietly but consistently delivering the same message: be ready to take care of yourself and your family for at least several days in the event of a crisis.
Here in Portugal, the government is encouraging citizens to be self-sufficient for at least 72 hours. While the tone of these campaigns is calm and non-alarmist, the implication is clear: in an uncertain world, personal preparedness is no longer optional. So, what exactly should go into an emergency kit? The basics are simple but vital. Authorities recommend storing enough drinking water—about two liters per person per day—for at least ten days, along with a supply of non-perishable food that doesn’t require cooking, for both the humans and the pets in the household. A well-stocked first aid kit, flashlights with spare batteries, and a portable radio—ideally hand-crank or battery-powered—are also key. In today’s tech-driven world, power banks or solar chargers can keep communication lines open when the grid goes down.
Don’t forget personal essentials: prescription medications, hygiene items, important documents, and a local map in case GPS fails. Many preparedness guides also suggest packing copies of IDs or passports, some cash, an emergency blanket, and basic tools like a knife, lighter, or duct tape. With climate-related events on the rise, even dust masks or smoke filters can be worth having on hand. The goal isn’t to create a bunker—it’s to build a buffer that gives you time, clarity, and control when the unexpected happens. Also consider packing lightweight clothing, light jackets, and thermal blankets to handle sudden temperature changes.
Staying informed is just as important as being equipped. In Lisbon, residents can stay informed through a dedicated Civil Protection alert system. To subscribe, simply send an SMS with the text AVISOSLX to the number 927 944 000 (standard rate SMS, no added cost). This service provides timely updates in the event of emergencies, helping citizens respond quickly and stay safe. But perhaps the most powerful tool is connection. Talk to neighbors, share information, and make plans together—resilience grows stronger when it’s shared.
Ultimately, preparedness is not panic—it’s peace of mind. It’s about creating a sense of control in an uncertain world, not out of fear, but out of care for yourself and those around you. In a time when global risks feel closer than ever, taking simple steps to get ready is a quiet but meaningful act of calm, confidence, and civic responsibility. And that’s something we can all stand to carry with us. If you want to deepen your knowledge about emergency kits and how to prepare for unexpected situations, the Portuguese Red Cross offers valuable resources: www.cruzvermelha.pt

Erik Brunar

It was nighttime the first time I spotted the “headquarters” of a Rancho Folclórico in Lisbon’s Campo de Ourique neighborhood. A warm glimmer and the smell of sawdust brought back images of dancehalls from before, from long before the modern era. An attendant asked me what I was looking for, not overly friendly. I told him that I didn’t even know what I was looking at, but that maybe it would turn out to be what I’m looking for? He cracked a proud smile and told me about the music, story-telling, and dancing that goes on inside. However, this was a private practice session, and I was not welcome tonight. Filed under: Fascinating.

At last year’s 25th of April celebrations, the city of Peniche highlighted the work of the Ranchos Folclóricos in the Oeste Region with a whole Sunday of performances and collaborations. That is how I discovered Rancho Folclórico de Geraldes, based in that rural hamlet two towns south of the municipal seat of Peniche.

With some 30 to 40 dancers and musicians of all ages fanning out and positioning themselves for the pieces that are about to unfold, there is a lot of energy at the beginning of a Rancho set. In garb inspired by highly specific working clothes from the last decades of the 19th century, some participants play out stylized but verifiable key moments in the professional lives of the people represented on stage: the town crier, the net makers, the fishermen, the fishmongers, etc. Others parade in the more lavish outfits worn by village worthies or by ordinary people on feast days.

The choreographies are fairly simple and involve whirling quadrilles and couples passing between rows of dancers to music played on instruments such as the tambourine, the reco-reco, the bagpipes, the guitar, or the accordeon. The engagement of the dancers and the heat of those passes give the proceedings an ecstatic quality that feels modern and timeless at the same time.

Mariana Gomes on behalf of Rancho de Geraldes kindly answered a few questions via email.

EB: How do you tell the history of Ranchos in general and of Geraldes in particular?
MG: The mission of folklore groups is to be ambassadors for the cultural identity and experiences that identify a particular community, effectively what UNESCO defines as “spirit of place”. Many Portuguese folklore groups have coalesced on the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century as their “window of representation” or the cultural time they reference. At first, most of the Ranchos were purely recreational without much concern for historicity, limiting themselves to dancing and making music. These groups did flourish under Estado Novo with its emphasis on “Portugalidade,” the set of cultural markers and practices that make Portugal unique. Rancho Folclórico de Geraldes began with a group of elementary school pupils whose teacher, with a great love of dance, mobilized the population and founded the Rancho Folclórico in 1984.

EB: How did the choreographies and the costumes come to be?
MG: Portraying past times was always a component of the work, but the authenticity of the representation was perhaps not of paramount concern. It was only after 2013, when in-depth work began with the local community and with ethnographic collections, that the accurate representation of customs and traditions became a priority. The costumes are replicas of the clothing most commonly worn in the municipality of Peniche, as well as all the props inherent in the people’s daily lives. Geraldes was the first Rancho in the municipality of Peniche to join the Portuguese Folklore Federation. In recognition of this work, the Municipality of Peniche in 2019 awarded the Rancho the Medal of Merit for Culture.

EB: What activities does the Rancho engage in?
Over the years the Rancho has taken part in various ethno-folkloric initiatives, collaborations in institutional and educational settings, from kindergartens to higher education, to pass the knowledge on to the next generation. Throughout the year it takes part in a variety of events: New Year’s janeiras, gatherings of traditional songs and instruments, Christmas concerts, etc. It has performed in Spain and in Belgium. The group is also busy collecting pieces and recording oral history. So its activity goes far beyond performing at festivals.

EB: What are the demographics of the Rancho?
MG: Nowadays, folklore is facing major challenges. Funding for culture keeps getting cut. In our globalized society, many lose interest in defending regional particularities. However, there is also a movement that treasures those who preserve local history. Proof of this is that Rancho Folclórico de Geraldes is a recognized group with members from all over the place.

Keep an eye out for Ranchos performing near you for an evocative journey into the past of the region’s people!

OICV is looking for writers for this feature! If you would like to contribute, contact us at OICV.email@gmail.com. ■

Artigo da Oeste International Community Volunteers

In the northern hemisphere, the hundred days stretching from the first of December to early March are the darkest and coldest of the year. The winter solstice, with its promise of longer days ahead, marks an important moment of communion with our Sun. Echoing the Yuletide of pre-Christian times, our festivities between Christmas and New Year’s reflect our joy at this great annual pivot. But the darkest, coldest days are only one-third over by the time the last Réveillon hangovers have faded. In pre-modern Northern and Central Europe, the months without crops and dwindling reserves ground down the spirit and opened the door to madness. It was widely held that evil winter spirits had to be driven out so that fertility could return to Earth. Given fertility’s association to the 28-day cycles of the moon and the menses, the Ancients often practiced these rituals on pivotal nights in the lunar calendar.
The Celts who settled western Iberia two-and-a-half millennia ago burned large puppets representing these maleficent forces. This folk practice was folded into Portuguese variants of the Christian mid-winter feast in the 13th Century. In some Portuguese towns, in the weeks leading up to Carnaval, effigies of the opposing forces are still thrown into the flames, but this time as part of a ritualized reenactment of the battle of the sexes known as the nights of the Comadres and the Compadres, a series of pranks and displays meant to reinforce loyalty to one’s own gender.
With the Visigoth kings in the 5th century, a fervent brand of Christianity came to the peninsula. In a solemn reminder of Jesus’ 40 days in the desert, the Church set aside the 40 days before Easter for the Sacrifice of Lent. These weeks of fasting and spiritual cleansing conveniently coincided with the time of year when supplies were at their lowest. Since Easter is defined as the first Sunday after the first full Moon following the spring equinox, this apex celebration of the Christian calendar also indirectly ties Carnaval back to the old lunar rites.
In the Middle Ages, the gentry would prepare for Lent by distributing the last remnants of preserved meat and animal fat to the peasants working their lands. The last day before the fast therefore became known as Fat Tuesday. The most plausible origin of the word Carnaval is the Latin word for meat, as in the Late Latin phrase “Carne Vale!”, or “Farewell, Meat!” In the 16th century, groups of roving young men started to take the days before Lent as an excuse to drink excessively and pull outrageous pranks.
Contemporary Carnaval culture in Portugal owes a lot to its largest, most multiracial former colony, Brazil. Under Italian influence, by the 1830s, Brazilians had created the modern parade structure and the costumed street party. In the late 1800s, Brazilian Carnaval revelers were already marching to the Afro-Caribbean beats which still provide the backdrop of Portuguese Carnaval today in the form of samba and axé music.
Aspiring to appropriate the trappings of ancient Roman glory, the Salazarist dictatorship sought to emphasize a martial tone in Carnaval proceedings with marching bands and majorettes. However, in the streets, Carnaval remained one of the few avenues for social critique and political satire, echoing the Roman concept of Saturnalia, a time of year when hierarchies were overturned and outrageousness reigned.
Torres Vedras is known as the Carnaval city par excellence. The cortege of allegorical floats, outrageous Matrafonas (men in drag), and Cabeçudos (giant heads) represent the quintessence of the modern Portuguese Carnaval. It was not until the 1920s that the pre-Lenten festivities evolved from bals and recitals organized by local clubs into a unified street fair sponsored by the city’s leading commercial interests. In the 1930s, the municipality made a concerted effort to promote its Carnaval at the national level. Since then, hundreds of thousands of people have been converging in Torres to join the party on the four days before Lent. You can dance in the cortege if you buy a wristband (€8 for one day, €16 for all four).
Caldas da Rainha’s celebrations exemplify the “for us, by us” spirit of the typical small-town Carnaval. Neighborhood groups and associations will dust off their themed or satirical costumes and march in three parades down Avenida 1° de Maio on March 1st (21:00), 2nd and 3rd (both 15:00). Bals will be held at the Céu de Vidro in Parque D. Carlos I on March 1st and 3rd (23:00-4:00). Proceeds from the modest entrance fee will be donated to charity.
Would you be interested in contributing stories to the OICV page in Gazeta das Caldas? We are looking for writers! If you would like to participate, please contact us at OICV.email@gmail.com. ■

Mark Neethling

Relocating to a new country is a significant life decision that can be both exhilarating and daunting. For many, the choice to move stems from a desire to embrace a new lifestyle, often driven by reasons such as wanting to be closer to family, particularly children and grandchildren. This article explores my partner’s and my journey to Portugal, highlighting the importance of a positive motive, research, community integration, and the joy of realizing that we are once again “at home”.
Motivation is a powerful force. A positive motive such as living closer to loved ones can provide a solid foundation for your transition. This fosters a sense of purpose and excitement, making the challenges of relocation more manageable. In contrast, moving due to a difficult environment or personal struggles can lead to feelings of anxiety and doubt. While it is understandable to seek refuge from negative circumstances, focusing on the positive aspects can help cultivate a more optimistic outlook.
With adult daughters in the UK and USA, we realized that commuting regularly from the southern tip of Africa to visit was going to be costly and tiring. Although our lifestyle in Johannesburg, South Africa was good – toxic politics, high crime, and deteriorating infrastructure notwithstanding – we decided to look at alternatives. We drew up a set of qualifying criteria and started compiling a shortlist. To our surprise, Portugal emerged far above the other contenders. A peaceful life, affordability, good infrastructure, friendly people, and magnificent landscapes were a winning combination, outweighing the language challenge.
We went on a scouting trip to Portugal to confirm the outcome of our research. And then, on our return to South Africa, COVID happened! We used the seclusion of the COVID lockdowns to further prepare for our move. Selling our house, getting rid of appliances and furniture, arranging veterinary certificates and travel for our cat and our two Havanese dogs, and completing a myriad of other tasks gave our isolation a productive buzz. A detailed project plan emerged, with timelines and dependencies. As COVID restrictions started easing around the world we took the plunge and applied for our visas.
Portugal offers many visa options. Understanding the requirements, documentation, and timelines involved helped us make a smooth landing. Online forums and government websites can provide valuable insights here. Many expatriates share their stories on social media, offering tips on navigating the visa application process, finding housing, and settling into the local culture.
Upon our arrival in Portugal, one of the most effective ways to ease the transition was to connect with like-minded immigrants. We made a conscious effort to attend coffee groups and participated in Community Day Centre lunches with the OICV. These connections have provided practical advice, emotional support, and a sense of belonging in an unfamiliar environment.
While building connections with fellow immigrants was essential, integrating with the local Portuguese community was also important. One of the most effective ways to do this was by learning the language. We found Portuguese classes very helpful. Learning Portuguese not only enhances our daily interactions but also demonstrates respect for the local people. Engaging in conversations, whether at the market, café, or community events significantly enriched our experience.
Dealing with bureaucracy in a new country is challenging. Approaching it with a friendly and humble attitude is critical. Whether applying for residency, setting up a bank account, or registering for healthcare, patience and politeness go a long way. We consciously built rapport with local officials, which led to smoother interactions and a positive experience. Embrace the local way of doing things, while maintaining a friendly demeanor.
There came a moment a year in when we realized that we were starting to feel at home. This joyous feeling arose from a combination of factors: the friendships we had built, our growing language skills, and our familiarity with the local culture. The delight of discovering our favorite café, participating in festas, or simply lunching with friends has created a profound sense of belonging. As we settle, we have found that the bumps along the way only deepened our appreciation for our new home.
Moving to Portugal has been a journey filled with opportunities for growth, connection, and joy. By focusing on the positives, conducting thorough research, building a supportive community, integrating with the local culture, and approaching challenges with a friendly attitude, we have created a fulfilling life in Portugal. ■

Randy Trevis

Amid gains by the anti-immigrant far right and imperfect reforms in immigration enforcement, Portugal is aswirl with myths about the diverse group of 800 thousand immigrants currently residing here. Breaking those misconceptions requires a closer look at the realities behind this complex and often misunderstood subject.
One of the most prevalent concerns is the fear that immigrants are taking jobs from Portuguese citizens. This is not unique to Portugal, as similar anxieties arise in other countries experiencing significant immigration. However, the evidence tells a different story. Immigration, rather than diminishing opportunities for locals, in fact contributes to job creation and economic growth. At a very basic level, the sectors of construction, home goods, retail, and transport get an obvious boost from the presence of extra people. But the whole economy feels the lift. Immigrants often fill gaps in the workforce by taking jobs in sectors where there is a shortage of skilled or willing workers. Official statistics show that 13% of employees are immigrants, and their contributions span multiple industries. Additionally, the 2011 census showed that 20% of immigrants create employment opportunities for others by starting businesses. Only 17% of Portuguese citizens do the same. Far from being a drain on employment, immigrants are vital to the nation’s economic dynamism.
Another widespread myth is that immigrants do not integrate into Portuguese society. This stereotype overlooks the significant efforts many immigrants make to adapt and contribute to their new communities. Many immigrants learn the Portuguese language, build friendships with local residents, and participate actively in social and cultural events. Of the 350,000 foreigners who successfully applied for Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2022, 66% expressed “a strong sense of belonging.”
Portugal is still one of Europe’s most immigrant-friendly countries, but for many foreigners the struggle is real. Statistics portal Pordata reports that 31% of the immigrants here live in poverty or in financial precarity versus 20% of Portuguese citizens. Immigration may pose challenges for low- or even medium-wage workers by causing rents and certain other prices to rise, but successive governments have enacted pretty good stabilizing policies. The overall picture reveals a society enriched by diversity and strengthened by the contributions of its immigrant population.
Immigrants pay income, payroll, and value-added taxes that help sustain essential public services, such as healthcare and pensions, which are under pressure due to Portugal’s aging population. As Portugal faces demographic and economic challenges, immigrants provide a much-needed boost by injecting vitality and resources into the system. There certainly are undocumented immigrants and foreigners working in the informal economy. However, a substantial majority of documented immigrants are actively employed in the formal sector, where they pay the same taxes as Portuguese citizens.
Despite the clear benefits immigration brings, public attitudes toward immigrants can still be influenced by unfounded fears and stereotypes. Challenging these myths is crucial not only for fostering inclusivity but also for enabling evidence-based policymaking. When misconceptions about immigration dominate the narrative, they can lead to harmful policies and social tensions. By promoting accurate information and encouraging open dialogue, Portugal can build a more welcoming and harmonious society.
The future of Portugal as a thriving, interconnected nation depends on its ability to embrace immigration as a strength rather than a burden. As the world becomes increasingly globalized, the exchange of people, ideas, and cultures is inevitable and necessary. Immigrants bring energy, resilience, and creativity to the communities they join, and their contributions should be celebrated rather than feared. Overcoming myths about immigration is not just about correcting inaccuracies; it is about building a shared understanding of the values and opportunities that define Portugal. With open minds and a commitment to inclusion, Portugal can continue to be a beacon of tolerance and progress.
The challenges that come with immigration can be met with thoughtful policies and cooperation, while the benefits are boundless. Immigrants are not just newcomers; they are neighbors, colleagues, and friends who contribute to the rich tapestry of Portuguese life. By appreciating the shared humanity and diversity they bring, Portugal can chart a brighter future for all. ■
–
Would you like to contribute stories to the OICV page in the Gazeta das Caldas? We are looking for writers! Drop us a line at OICV.email@gmail.com.

Dr. Aqsa Munir
Physical Therapist

For immigrants from warmer regions such as South America and South Asia, the cold and humid climate during Portugal’s winter often presents significant challenges. People unaccustomed to such meteorological conditions risk not knowing how to prepare for them properly, leading to an increased risk of infections and other health-related issues. This can impact families, work, and overall well-being. Adopting preventive measures can be difficult for those without easy access to public healthcare, insurance, or medication. Cultural differences may make it harder to follow local health protocols, which are key to the whole community understanding the risks and taking the steps essential for maintaining health and well-being in the colder months.
Respiratory diseases, including the common cold, influenza, and pneumonia, are notably more prevalent during winter. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the flu season typically peaks between December and March, with up to 15% of the population infected annually. Additionally, the coastal regions of Portugal often experience high humidity levels during winter, which can trigger asthma. The World Health Organization reports that dampness increases the risk of respiratory problems by 30-50%. Immigrants who are not accustomed to colder climates are particularly vulnerable, especially when they don’t have proper heating and ventilation in their homes. Mold, as well as the use of fireplaces or wood-burning stoves, can increase the risk of pulmonary diseases.
To mitigate these risks, it is important to take practical steps. Ensure that clothes are properly dried, the body is kept warm, and masks are worn when in crowded spaces. Dehumidifiers are another effective solution to reduce indoor moisture and maintain a healthier environment. Flu vaccines are available at most local pharmacies and health centers in Portugal and should be considered a key part of the preventive strategy, particularly for older adults, children, and those with pre-existing conditions. The vaccine can significantly reduce the risk of severe illness and hospitalization.
However, respiratory issues are not the only health concern during the winter months. The combination of cold outdoor air and indoor heating can also cause skin problems, such as dryness and eczema. Fortunately, these issues can usually be controlled with regular moisturizing and hydration. It is important to maintain skin health by using creams and lotions to prevent excessive dryness, which can lead to more severe conditions if left untreated.
Additionally, there has been a noticeable increase in norovirus cases this winter, causing highly contagious infections with symptoms like severe diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, especially among children in schools and daycares. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and disinfecting surfaces, are essential to curb the spread of the virus. Keeping the hands clean and avoiding shared utensils can reduce the likelihood of infection, especially in high-risk environments like schools or public transportation. To reduce potential exposure further, stay away from crowded indoor spaces unless absolutely necessary.
Winter can also exacerbate the symptoms of individuals with pre-existing joint problems, such as arthritis. The cold weather often leads to joint stiffness and discomfort. To manage these issues, it is recommended to wear thermal clothing, stay active through indoor exercises, and ensure adequate warmth for the joints. Using heating pads and performing gentle exercises can help alleviate discomfort caused by the cold.
Another winter-related concern is the lack of sunlight, which can lead to seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a form of depression typically triggered by shorter daylight hours. SAD can cause symptoms such as fatigue, loss of interest in daily activities, and mood changes. Simple measures like spending time outdoors during daylight, even if it is cloudy, and using light therapy lamps can help improve mood and energy levels. Engaging in light indoor exercises or maintaining social connections can also help reduce feelings of isolation and sadness.
Fortunately, the Portuguese healthcare system provides assistance 24/7, offering support in both emergency and non-emergency situations. To contact the healthcare service in Portugal, you can use the following resources: For acute illness: Call SNS 24 at 808 24 24 24 or the National Emergency Number: 112. For non-emergency health concerns: Call SNS 24 at 808 24 24 24 for triage, advice, and referrals. As a final note, I recommend that everyone seek help using the healthcare services and follow their doctor’s recommendations. ■

Flavia L. Lamattina

Portugal is facing an increasingly evident housing crisis, challenging a generation of young people striving to achieve the dream of homeownership. A limited supply of properties for sale has caused prices to soar, especially in the urban areas that attract so many young adults. Low wage levels and a lack of incentives do little to offset the high mortgage rates on offer in the Eurozone. Bureaucratic and regulatory barriers blunt the ambitions of the paperwork-averse, while down-payments of 10 to 30% and high taxes and fees at closing exacerbate the struggle in an environment of low savings rates and economic and market instability.
In response to this critical situation, the government has launched an ambitious plan to revitalize the real-estate market by offering tax incentives and financing options targeted at young people aged 18 to 35. These measures, which promise to save thousands of euros for those starting their lives, are expected to be a game changer in the obstacle course that is acquiring a first home.
Since August 1, 2024, young people have enjoyed exemptions from the IMT (Municipal Property Transfer Tax) and Stamp Duty. Now, in a more ambitious proposal, the government aims to guarantee the possibility of financing up to 100% of a first home purchase, benefiting young people with an annual income of up to approximately 80,000 euros. Beneficiaries must be tax residents in Portugal and not be outright or partial owners of any other property. The credit must be used for the purchase of the applicants’ first permanent home, and they must have no debts to the Tax Authority or Social Security, according to Decree No. 236-A/2024/1.
The government support promises to be substantial: 15% of the transaction value will be guaranteed through the Directorate-General of the Treasury and Finance (DGTF). This vital incentive will allow banks to finance the full value of the property. However, with property sales of up to 450,000 euros qualifying for this program, questions about its ultimate effectiveness are inevitable. Many people in the targeted age bracket make around 1,000 euros a month. It is not easy to get a loan at that income level in a real estate market where prices are constantly rising. Banks will continue to assess potential borrowers’ financial capacity in compliance with the rules on the so-called effort rate, which is generally capped at 35%. In other words, someone earning 1,000 euros per month will be limited to a monthly mortgage payment of no more than 350 euros.
With this new measure, in effect since late September but to be fully implemented in January 2025, the market for homes between 150,000 and 300,000 euros is expected to heat up. Increased demand for properties in a market with limited supply in this segment could have the unintended effect of further driving up real-estate prices in Portugal. So this could end up favoring those who are already better off financially rather than those who truly need government support.
In addition to the increased demand and the current limited supply, we must consider the economic instability caused by the two recent economic crises and the impact of the pandemic, which led many people to deplete their financial reserves. Given all these factors, it is crucial to expand the discussion of potential ways out of the housing crisis in Portugal. One example would be extending this program to workers up to 45 years old, widening the pool of beneficiaries to meet the new demands of Portuguese society.
The study “Young People in Portugal: A Portrait Based on the Census,” published by the National Institute of Statistics, reveals a drastic decline from 2011 to 2021 in the proportion of the Portuguese population aged between 15 and 24, which fell by 17.5%, while the number of young foreigners settling in Portugal increased by 23.4%, creating pressure on urban markets, particularly in Lisbon and Porto. The same study also points to a drop in the proportion of economically active young Portuguese, from 66.3% in 2011 to 58.1% in 2021.
Thus, the next steps of the housing plan not only need to be swiftly implemented but also adapted to ensure that a larger number of younger adults can truly achieve the dream of homeownership, without always relying on financial support from their parents. Therefore, the hope of transforming the country’s housing reality remains alive, but the challenges to overcome are many. ■